The Implementation of Data Handling Technologies
For Cadastral Mapping in Indonesia
Hendro Prastowo
University of Twente, Faculty of ITC
Hengelosestraat 99, Enschede, The Netherlands Hengelosestraat
Email : hendro24245@itc.nl
Keywords
Indonesia, cadastral, GPS, satellite imagery, small format.
Summary
Indonesia is implementing a variety of data acquisition technologies for cadastral mapping purposes, but this activity is still running slow because of some bottlenecks. This paper will describe three implementation of data handling technologies in Indonesia, particularly for accelerate cadastral mapping purpose. Those three technologies are Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Imagery and Small Format Aerial Photography (SFAP). Among other data acquisition technologies implemented in Indonesia, those three technologies consider compatible to support cadastral mapping acceleration due to Indonesian current situation.
1. Introduction
Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world consists of more than 17,000 islands but only about 6,000 are inhabited islands. Broad area totaled approximately 9.8 million square kilometers consisting of 7.9 million square miles of water and 1.9 million square kilometers of land of which 51% of the forest, 37% agriculture and the rest are residential (Wikipedia, 2010). Geographic characteristics of Indonesia are a vast area with a diverse terrain of flat, swamp, hilly and mountainous. Based on land area, the number of parcel in Indonesia is more less 85 million parcels exclude the forest area (Achmad, 2004)
During the colonial period, Indonesian land law embraced the dualism of the western colonial law and customary law. This causes differences in the treatment of lands in Indonesia depends on who is interested in the land, the colonial or the customary. In the period after independence proclamation, government tried to deal with the dualism, in 1960 the Indonesian government imposed Basic Agrarian Law and began the land registration activities. As stated in Government Decree Number 24/1997, land registration aims is to provide legal certainty and legal protection for land rights holders, to provide land information in the national scope and conduct national land administration. One of the main activities is cadastral mapping, both base map mapping and boundary mapping.
NLA is the government agency responsible for land registration activities. Base map mapping is the responsibility of Deputy of Survey and Mapping, boundary mapping is the responsibility of Deputy of Cadastral and Land Registration. BPN has 33 provincial offices and 409 local offices. At the end of 2006 NLA has 3,024 surveyors. In addition, cadastral mapping also involves 224 licensed surveyors who work privately, 1,139 licensed surveyor assistant and 62 survey and mapping companies (NLA, 2009).Based on the existing resources of NLA, only less than 10 % of the total area has been plotted into base maps with a scale of 1:1000 and 1:2500 (Sumarto, et.al, 2008).
The purpose of this paper is to describe the data acquisition technology conducted in Indonesia for cadastral survey and mapping. Several technologies applied in the cadastral survey and mapping activities in Indonesia face some obstacles in their implementation. Based on the obstacles, this paper chooses three technologies are GPS, satellite imagery and SFAP considered give significant contribution on cadastral mapping acceleration in Indonesia.
Because of various limitations, the research to support this paper based on the author's experience, literature studies, search the Internet and some additional materials from the author’s organization: National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (NLA). Internet searching and literature reviews focus on some papers about cadastre and land administration system in Indonesian. The material in the form of NLA presentation files, rules and regulations including technical specifications applicable in NLA will also be supporting data in this paper.
2. Inventory of Data Handling Technologies
At the present, Deputy of Survey and Mapping responsible to provide the base map almost for entire area; provincial offices slightly contribute due to their limited resources and capacities. For the boundary mapping NLA central office, provincial offices and local offices conduct boundary survey and mapping base on width of area measurement. All of those mapping activities consider as cadastral mapping. All activities on cadastral mapping In Indonesia are using the following technologies:
2.1. Tape
Tape is a cheap and simple terrestrial survey tool, and used since the colonial era until the present era. Almost all of local offices have enough number of tapes in various types: plastics, fiber, rubber, fabric, leather or steel. Surveyors in some regions use a tape to measure the area by offset method because of lack of other measuring instrument, besides measuring tape is also easy to use by older generation of surveyor. In some regions, people are still more to understand and trust in the measurement with tape other than the odd instrument for them. However, the use of tape as the main instrument is rarely found, most surveyors only use tapes as a tool for equipping optical instrument, checking, controlling or completion.
2.2. Theodolite
Theodolite is an optical measuring instrument for measuring angles and distances in order to get the value of the coordinate positions. Theodolite measurement uses the polar method, especially for large area and irregular shape. Theodolite has various types depend on their accuracy and reading system. The digital system which is reading out of the horizontal and vertical circles electronically has replaced the manual system thus provide better reading accuracy.
Measurements using theodolite is the most widely technology used in Indonesia. Since first, colonial era introduced this instrument for cadastral mapping and other survey activities. Almost all provincial offices and local offices have this instruments, this means approximately 1500 units although uneven spreading (NLA, 2009). They use various types of theodolite, from the old-type with manual and low precision (T0 or T1) up to digital theodolite with better precision. Measurements using theodolite and tape give the largest contribution in the cadastral mapping process in Indonesia. Some mass cadastral mapping programs is using theodolite to speed up their work because the most widely available and can be used in any field.
2.3 Total Station
Along with the development of optical instrument for surveying technology, total station arises to replace the position the theodolit. The total station is a combination between theodolite and EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement). In total station, a digital theodolite integrated with EDM to read distances from the instrument to an observed point. EDM is an electronic distance measuring instrument that uses electromagnetic waves of infrared light as the carrier wave signal measurements (Wikipedia). A prism as a reflector will return back the wave signal to the EDM thus can get distance value. The current development of total station is very fast, now available a robotic total station to allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. Latest technology has provided a total station without prism as reflector (also called reflectorless), that means the object of the target will become direct reflector.
Terrestrial boundary survey using optical instrument at this present time gives large contribution in cadastral mapping in Indonesia. Therefore, NLA is currently holding the gauge rejuvenation by replacing the old-fashioned theodolite with a total station due to the accuracy and the rapidity offered by the new instrument. Along with several land administration projects, the number of total station will increase from less than 300 become 400 to 500 units spreading in each provincial offices and local offices (NLA, 2009).
2.4. Aerial Photography
Provision of base map is part of the cadastral mapping activities Indonesia. Base map acquisition methods vary, one of which is aerial photography. There are three types of aerial photography format base on their size: large format, small format and medium format. Most of the mapping use large format aerial photography and then followed by medium format and small format. The development aerial photography technology is still going on today, ranging from the replacement of black and white photographs became color photograph and replacement of analog cameras into the high resolution DMC (Digital Mapping Camera).
Aerial Photography became one of the favorites in order to supply a base map. Presently, aerial photography mapping in Indonesia only covers approximately 100 major cities (NLA, 2009). Besides keep using large format aerial photography, Deputy of Survey and Mapping of NLA also develops several pilot project for mapping with medium format and small format aerial photographs.
2.5. Satellite Imagery
Remote sensing technologies is growing rapidly adapt to demanding use for various purposes. Among them is the provision of map with a wide coverage area. Satellite imagery technology for mapping is developing in terms of spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Spatial resolution or GSD (Ground Sampling Distance) quickly move from range meters into now in centimeters. The most useful space borne technology to support the base mapping is various resolution of satellite imagery whereas for boundary mapping is preferably high resolution satellite imagery.
Indonesia's geographic characteristic requires various resolution satellite imagery depends on their land use and population. For vast and inaccessible area it is better using satellite imagery for data source rather than use terrestrial measurement. Sumarto, et.al, (2008) stated Indonesia need at least 3-5 years for collecting various resolution of satellite imagery to cover the entire land surface. Deputy of Survey and Mapping started purchase 550.000 square kilometers satellite imagery in 2007 to cover 30% area of Indonesia to provide base map. For Jawa, Bali and Nusa Tenggara Barat which are populated areas the image has 0.6 m resolution and for Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sumatera and Sulawesi which are sparsely populated areas the image has 2.5 m resolution. This project continue in 2008, 2009 and the plan in year 2010 fully cover the whole area of a country.
2.6. GPS
Utilization of satellites to determine position is very commonly used. Some countries are now launching their satellite navigation; one of them is United States of America with its NAVSTAR GPS satellites.
In Indonesia the use of GPS for geodetic measurements has been established since 2000’s. GPS initially used for the measurement of the national control framework, then also use for cadastral mapping in cultivation area which is usually very large area. Those measurements were mostly using GPS double-frequency receiver which able to obtain L1 and L2 signals. However, dual frequency GPS equipment is currently only about 30 units mostly located in NLA central office (NLA, 2009).
3. Bottleneck of The Current Data Handling Technology for Cadastral Mapping
From the previous description, only few of are in Indonesia has been mapped even in small scale of base map. The bottleneck causing slowly progresses in the data collection activities related to implemented technology are:
a.Large Areas
With a land area reaching 1.9 million square kilometers, consisting of thousands of islands scattered and diverse geographical conditions, the implemented technologies are not yet optimal because sometimes it is not suitable for local condition.
b. Lack Number of Terrestrial Survey Instruments
The number and condition of terrestrial survey instruments become one of the classical problems in cadastral mapping. Comparison the number of theodolite, Total Station and GPS with the number of parcels that must be mapped is out of balance.
c. Limited Number of Surveyor
The distribution of surveyors in each region in Indonesia is uneven. In most of the major city there are a lot of surveyors or licensed surveyors, but in many remote areas is very limited number and capability of surveyors.
d. High Cost Aerial Photography
The main constraint of aerial photography is the high cost of data capturing and data processing from orthopoto become base maps, while the area of territory to be mapped is very broad.
e. Satellite Imagery Data Processing
Current policy decides that central office and provincial office will process the raw satellite imagery into scale 1:2500 base maps. Although Deputy of Survey and Mapping have prepared a huge number of raw satellite imagery but problems arise when the majority of the provincial office must be prepared to adapt to this new technology because it did not have previous experience. The other problems in image processing are insufficiency Ground Control Point (GCP) and insufficiency of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) suitable for Indonesian terrain.
4. Adaptation of New Technologies
Indonesia has implemented a variety of the latest data handling technology for cadastral mapping but do not show optimal results. From those several technology, there are three technologies expected to adapt and solve the problem of cadastral mapping acceleration in Indonesia.
4.1. GPS
Among other navigation satellites that had been launching at the moment, GPS is of the most widely used. GPS provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services for anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS constellation system consists of 24 satellites that orbit the 6th place around the earth with a distribution that has been arranged so that appearance probability has at least 4 satellites from every place on earth at any time. GPS satellite has an average altitude above the earth around 20,200 km, its weighs more than 800 kg, moving at about 4 km / sec and has a period of 11 hours 58 minutes (Wikipedia, 2010). Since first launched out 70's up to present time, the accuracy of GPS satellites for civilian purposes was more accurate with had "Selective Availability" removed to increase accuracy for civilian uses on May 1, 2000.
The principle of positioning with GPS is the trilateration concept from several satellites. Trilateration concept is a mathematical method of determining the point of using the principles of the triangle. To establish the process of triangulation, GPS receivers measure the distance of the receiver and the satellite base on the time of radio signals travel from the transmitter in a satellite to our GPS receiver.
There are two types of GPS receivers; first is navigation receiver that does not require high accuracy and the second type is geodetic receiver having high accuracy. Navigation receiver also called hand-held is usually used by hikers, hunters, fishermen, farmers, climbing who just want to be able to save waypoints, record a trip log and direct navigation while land surveying that requires high precision using geodetic receiver. Geodetic receivers have two types of instrument; there are double-frequency (L1 and L2) and single frequency only (L1). High precision of geodetic receiver type of reach centimeter and even millimeter value is very useful for cadastral mapping. Both of national framework survey and boundary survey can use geodetic receiver as the main instrument.
GPS measurement has several methods. Measurement for the GCP densification is using static differential observation methods. This observation requires at least two receivers that form a baseline and obtain simultaneously on same satellites. Coordinate calculations performed by post processing method for each baseline followed by network adjustment. With the development of GPS receiver technology, the measurement of GCP can use a single receiver frequency geodetic type or double the frequency depending on the desired accuracy of point order.
Measurement of parcel boundary may use rapid static methods and kinematic method. Rapid static method required at least one base station and at least one rover. Base station serves as a reference for the rover that moving on the entire boundary points. Data processing of rapid static method uses post processing. For accelerating boundary survey, the common used method is Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Like rapid static method, it is also necessary base and rover, but in this method once the phase ambiguity is solved, rover keep moving and maintain their lock on to the satellite, calculation of the coordinates and corrections made in real time, no need post processing. That means a connection between the reference station and the rover is possible to transmit data from the reference station to the rover, vice versa (Hansen). The rover placed in the observed point will receive correction from the reference station and use for processing the coordinates for the new point, immediately (Hansen).
Competition of GPS receiver manufacturers in the market causing price reduction, price difference of Total Station and GPS single frequency become less significant. The addition of number of GPS instrument is feasible, the measurement of GCP become faster thus provide sufficient numbers of GCP for image processing and boundary survey control point. Boundary survey using GPS will also be very effective and efficient for the wide and open areas such as cultivation and plantation area.
4.2. High Resolution Satellite Imagery
The existence of satellite images with various resolutions on the market is very useful for cadastral mapping. Option is now changing from low resolution image to high resolution image because of the wide commercial availability, accuracy and low price. Some satellites offering high spatial resolution imagery are:
a) Ikonos
More than ten years ago, on the date 24 of September 1999, Geo-Eye launched Ikonos, the world’s first commercial high-resolution imaging satellite. Ikonos existence at that time was phenomenal because its capabilities include capturing a 3.2 meters multispectral, and 0.82 meters panchromatic resolution at nadir. Ikonos also provide stereo pairs image which useful for 3D surface analysis. Its application is relevant for data collection for nearly all aspects of environmental study (Satimagingcorp). In the way, Ikonos imagery began to substitute aerial photograph for cadastral mapping due to its resolution and easy interpretations.
| Launch Date | 24 September 1999 |
| 98.1 0 sun-synchronous orbit | |
| Altitude | 681 Km |
| Resolution | · 0.82 m panchromatic · 3.2 m multispectral |
| Bandwidth | Panchromatic and Multispectral |
| Revisit Time | Approximately 3 days at 40° latitude |
| Swath Width | 11.3 kilometers at nadir; 13.8 kilometers at 26° off-nadir |
Table 1, Design and technical specification of Ikonos (Satimagingcorp).
According to the specifications of Ikonos, its high geometric and radiometric accuracy make them ideally suited for mapping applications typically for use as a base map. Ikonos panchromatic imagery could easily recognize parcel boundary in open areas while the multispectral imagery provide a sharp view of the object for interpretation purposes. Blow up image of Ikonos is also suitable for large cultivation areas identification that does not require high accuracy as the residential areas. Ikonos has been launched for many years, this is beneficial relate to availability of Ikonos imagery from entire Indonesia.
b) Quickbird
The development of high-resolution imagery continues with the innovation of Digital Globe in 18 October 2001 which launched commercial Quickbird satellite. The Quickbird spatial resolution is better than Ikonos, its collects image data to 0.61m pixel resolution degree of detail. Some other advantages compared with the other previous high resolution satellite are collect a greater supply of frequently updated global imagery products more quickly and extend the range of suitable imaging collection targets and enhance image interpretability.
| Launch Date | 18 October 2001 |
| 97.2 0 sun-synchronous orbit | |
| Altitude | 450 Km |
| Resolution | · 0.61 m panchromatic · 2.44 m multispectral |
| Bandwidth | Panchromatic and Multispectral |
| Onboard Storage | 128 gigabits |
| Area of Interest | · Single Area: 16.5 km x 16.5 km · Strip: 16.5 km x 115 km |
| Revisit Time | 1 to 3.5 days depending on latitude |
| Swath Width | 16.5 Km |
Table 2, Design and technical specification of Quickbird (Satimagingcorp).
The emergence of Quickbird as a complement of a previous Ikonos existence offers large choices of satellite imagery usages. Principal of image processing from all high resolution satellite imagery is basically the same. The availability of GCP and DEM will support process rectification and base mapping. Using Quickbird new image or archive, provision of large-scale base maps such as a 1:2500 scale will be more quickly realized.
c) Worldwiev-1 and Worldview-2
On 18 September 2007 Digital Globe launched the new satellite WorldView-1 which is a more intelligent. Although provide panchromatic image only but the system offers half-meter resolution imagery with rapid targeting and efficient in-track stereo collection (Satimagingcorp). Next for completing the Quickbird and Worldview-1 constellation, on October 8th, 2009 Digital Globe launched Worldview-2 which already provides multispectral imagery. This present day, imagery from Worldwiev-1 and Worldview-2 is available to global resellers, partners, and customers.
| Worldview-1 | Worldview-2 | |
| Launch Date | 18 September 2007 | 8 October 2009 |
| Orbit | Sun-synchronous, 10.30 am | Sun-synchronous, 10.30 am |
| Altitude | 496 Km | 770 Km |
| Resolution | · 0.50 meters at nadir · 0.59 meters at 25° off-nadir | · Panchromatic: 0.46 m · Multispectral: 1.84 m |
| Bandwidth | Panchromatic only | Panchromatic and Multispectral |
| Swath Width | 17.6 Km at Nadir | 16.4 Km at Nadir |
| Onboard Storage | 2199 gigabits | 2199 gigabits |
| Revisit Time | 1.7 days at 1 meter GSD or less | 1.1 days at 1 meter GSD or less |
Table 3, Design and technical specification of Worldview-1 and Worldview-2 (Satimagingcorp).
The availability of Worldview-2 on the market offers new hope for making large-scale cadastral map. Half-meter resolution imagery make possible to produce base map of scale 1: 2500 and 1:1000 in both urban and rural areas. Boundary survey may use obvious object on the imagery for reference, thus number reference points will increase and insufficient numbers of physical GCP on the ground no longer consider as a constraint.
4.3.Small Format Aerial Photography
The use of large-format aerial photographs for cadastral mapping proved still running slowly and also costly. It is necessary to find alternative types of aerial photographs that can go hand in hand with large-format and medium-format, typically for the mapping needs of the small area coverage, a specific object and does not require high precision.
Warner, et.al, (1996) stated SFAP is aerial photo which commonly acquired using 24 mm x 36 mm camera frame. The camera used is a non-metric camera which can be obtained commercially in the market either analog or digital. Lens system of the camera is not designed for mapping purposes, so their interior orientation parameters, such as coordinate of fiducial marks, calibrated focal length, principle points, and distortion parameters are unknown. Data capturing of SFAP using a light aircraft both a manned and unmanned (using the remote control). The aircraft will be flying low to obtain results in which high-resolution and large-scale images while sacrificing broad coverage area.
The mathematical principle of SFAP is exactly similar with Analytical Photogrammetric (Harintaka, et.al, 2009). Processing of image using standard photogrammetric procedure, each captured image must be processed fit to actual position on the ground by orthophoto. SFAP using data parameters frame camera lens (focus length and dimension SFAP), DTM and GCP for orthophoto followed by mosaic (Harintaka, et.al, 2006).
At the present, small-scale base map and identification purposes may use SFAP. The main constraint is the inaccuracy and instability of camera system (inner orientation parameters), insufficient DTM extraction and dense GCP requirement. However, with photogrammetric technological advance, these problems may be solved and the SFAP will become alternative options for low-cost cadastral mapping that complements the other technologies.
5. Conclusion
a) Cadastral mapping acceleration should apply various types of technologies complement each other, in accordance with regional conditions and needs of users.
b) Replacement of old-fashion terrestrial instrument by new instruments such as digital theodolite, Total Station with GPS double frequency or single frequency is very urgent because of affordable price, rapid and those are main instrument for boundary survey.
c) New technologies require adaptation in terms regulation, policy, hardware, software, manpower, training and maintenance.
6. References
- Achmad, C.B., 2004, Building Physical Cadastre: A New Approach for Speeding-up the Land Registration Processes in Indonesia, 3rd FIG Regional Conference, Jakarta, Indonesia, October 3-7, 2004 TS 10.
- Harintaka, Kartini, C.N., Hairunida, 2006, Kajian Ketelitian Mosaik Ortofoto Pada Foto Udara Format Kecil Dengan Pengabaian Parameter Kalibrasi Kamera, Jurusan Teknik Geodesi, FT-UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Harintaka, Subaryono, A. Susanto, Hartono, 2009, Assessment of Low Cost Small Format Aerial Photogrammetry for Cadastral Mapping (Case Study in Klaten Regency, Central Java, Indonesia), 7th FIG Regional Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, October 19-22, 2009 TS 7D.
- Hansen, S., GPS Applied in Cadastral Surveys, http://www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/fig7/Brighton98/Comm7Papers/TS65-Hansen.html
- Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah, Badan Pertanahan Nasional Republik Indonesia.
- Sumarto, I., Idrus, W.R., Eresta Jaya, V., Eko, R., Gindow, D.K., Adhie, B., Putranty, E., Pintadi, E., Hadi, P., Aziz, Y., Giyanto, A., Rahardjo, F., Feryandi, H., Herawati, I., Firman, A.S., Yusra, S., 2008, Cadastral Base Mapping Activity in Indonesia, FIG Working Week, Stockholm, Sweden, June 14-19, 2008 TS 3B.
- Warner, W. S., Graham, R. W., and Read, R. E., 1996, Small Format Aerial Photography, Whittles Publishing, Scotland, UK ISBN 1-870325-56-7.
- http://www.bpn.go.id , (last accessed, February 8, 2010).
- http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/quickbird.html , (last accessed, February 8, 2010).
- http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/worldview-1.html, (last accessed, February 8, 2010).
- http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/worldview-2.html, (last accessed, February 8, 2010).
- http://en.wikipedia.org, (last accessed, February 8, 2010).
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